نشریه مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق کوهستانی
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1399)

Bioclimatic variables are one of the most important environmental variables that used in mapping and species distribution modeling for the management and conservation of vegetation and species cultivation. In order to provide bioclimatic maps, long-term climate data of 49 weather stations were used during the years 1952 to 2017 to extract 19 bioclimatic variables. Geostatistics methods (Kriging and Cokriging) and Multiple Linear Regression model were used to create 19 bioclimatic variables in Lorestan Province. Correlation ratio was used to select the best interpolation model. Also, Cross-validation was used to validate the interpolation method. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Root Mean Square Standardized Error (RMSSE) were used to select the best interpolation method. Based on the results, the best interpolation method for maping Bio4, Bio5, Bio7, Bio12, Bio13, Bio15, Bio16, Bio17 was Kriging method due to lower error values of RMSE and RMSSE for and Bio18 and the best interpolation method for maping of Bio1, Bio2, Bio3, Bio6, Bio8, Bio9, Bio10, and Bio11 was Cokriging method. Multiple Linear Regression model was also the best interpolation method for Bio19. Based on the results of this study, the use of an elevation auxiliary variable and climatic factor can increase the accuracy of the evaluation of interpolation methods to create accurate maps for modeling of species distribution.

In recent decades, with the growth and development of technology and the entry of modernization into communities, villages in most parts of the world and Iran have undergone many changes and have found an emerging face, which has led to many changes in rural identity. Therefore, in the present study, the role of natural and cultural landscape of mountain settlements in the formation of rural identity in Marivan County has been explained. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the study was 1023 rural households in Marivan city, from which 280 households were selected as a sample. The sampling method was stratified and the studied villages were selected from 18 rural points of 6 villages of Khavomirabad, Zarivar, Circle, Sershio, Kumasi and Golchidar. To collect the required data, interview methods and completing a questionnaire were used, the validity of which was confirmed using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha test (more than 0.7). Structural equation modeling with partial least squares method and Smart PLS2 software were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that both natural and cultural landscapes have an impact on rural identity, but the cultural landscape is far greater. According to the spatial analysis of data in ArcGIS software using kriging tools, Bashmaq, Kolan and Qomchian villages have had the greatest impact on the rural identity of these areas in terms of natural landscape and Glan, Nizel and Chor villages have the least impact from They had a natural view of the rural identity of these areas. Also, the villages of Qomchian, Sivar and Jouin had the most impact and the villages of Khairabad and Chour had the least impact in terms of cultural perspective on the rural identity of Marivan County.

The phenomenon of worn out in urban textures affects its structure and the social and economic activities. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the effect of urban texture inefficiency on the incidence of social harms in Maragheh. The present research is descriptive-analytical and the information has been collected in the form of documents and field study. The research sample is 400 citizens of Maragheh who have been selected in a non-probability sampling approach. In this study, entropy, Vickor, T-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression tests were used to analyze the data. The results of the Vikor index showed that areas number 5 and 6 were designated as fully efficient; areas number 7 and 4 as relatively efficient areas, whereas areas number 3 and 2 as completely inefficient areas. Also, the assessment of the situation of social harms in the city of Maragheh showed that District 1 has the highest rate of social harms in this city. After that, areas 3, 2, 4, 7, 6 and 5, respectively, have witnessed the highest incidence of social harms. Finally, the results of Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression tests showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the inefficiency of urban texture and the occurrence of social harms in cities.

Study of the problem of poverty in human societychr('39')s shows that villagers are among the poorest and most vulnerable human groups and ignoring to regard their living conditions can double the lack of development in human settlements. In other words, livelihood capital is the basis of empowerment and involvement of villagers in their individual and social destiny, which form the main foundation of community development. Therefore, the present study used a descriptive-analytical method to assess the livelihood capital status of mountain villages in Kouhshah Rural District in Ahmadi District with a sustainable livelihood approach. The research tool was a questionnaire (with reliability of 0.92) that collected data based on the framework of sustainable livelihood and analyzed the livelihood capital of villages. Findings showed that the amount of property and livelihood capital in different fields of human, financial, physical, natural, social in the studied villages is different and due to vulnerability in recent years the amount of physical, financial and natural assets have been decreased, and on the other hand, the amount of social and human assets have been increased. The results also show that the sustainability of livelihood capital is not the same, financial and physical capital with an average of 1.41 and 2.46 are among the most unstable capital, and social and human capital with an average of 3.68 and 3.25 are the most stable dimension of livelihood in the investigated rural areas. Therefore, according to the results, livelihood investments in mountainous villages are not desirable and this has provided the basis for instability of the region. In other words, in order to create desirable villages and get the residents out of the cycle of poverty and achieve stability in the region, one can not only pay attention to one dimension (economic) but applying different perspectives a holistic and systematic view, other dimension of financial, physical, and environmental need to be supported.

Sinkhole is a type of karst form that appear as pits on the surface of the earth. Identification of these sinkholes is crucial in the management of water resources, as contamination of these sites causes contamination of water resources in the region. Bistoon-Parav Karst Basin is important because it creates mirages in the cities of Bistoon and Kermanshah and provides part of the water to these cities. The purpose of this study was to identify sinkholes in this area as well as identify potential areas of sinkholes. In this research, using the analysis network process, different criteria for sinkhole formation such as precipitation, temperature, evaporation, lithology, soil type, slope, elevation, fault, stream and vegetation are ranked. The results of the analysis network process showed that lithology with 24.87% are the most important cause of the sinkhole. After combining the layers, a map of the possible sinkhole areas was identified. Furthermore, sinkholes in the area were detected using the interpretation of World Imagery and Google Earth imagery. The accuracy, completeness and quality indices were used to evaluate the results of the work, which were 98.42, 69.41 and 65.55, respectively. The high accuracy index indicates high performance in detecting existing sinkholes, but the low two indices do not indicate the weakness of the method, rather, the two indicators of completeness and quality indicate areas that are likely to form sinkholes. However, at the moment they are either not crashed or they are not in the reference data. In the end it can be said that this method is suitable for identifying sinkholes and susceptible areas of sinkholes.

Rural management has played a significant role in the development of the countrychr('39')s villages since its formation and the provision of services to the villagers. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to investigate and explain the role of local management in the physical-spatial developments of Rudsar villages in Gilan Province. The research method was descriptive-analytical and the data collection method was field study (questionnaire) and library. The statistical population of this study consists of 187 villages of Rudsar city. The sample size was calculated by random-quota sampling method based on the geographical areas of the county (coastal, plains, foothills and mountains), which included 20% of the villages with rural areas. These villages were selected after being classified into three population classes and a total of 345 questionnaires were completed in 36 villages. Data were analyzed using SPSS20 software and one-sample t-test. Findings showed that Rudsar County, like other counties of Gilan province, has management in the form of rural municipalities. The villagers have shortcomings and problems in institutional and managerial affairs, and in general the management situation in the village is moderate to very good. The issue of changing land use of agricultural and horticultural practices in Rudsar County and even in most areas of Gilan Province is clearly visible due to the massive and spontaneous nature of tourism (construction of welfare complexes, rural parks, etc.). Also, according to the results, the participation and cooperation of villagers with relevant agencies in maintaining and providing roads located in the rural areas of the highest importance and improving the rural environment for the welfare of local residents the lowest importance in the role of local management in physical-spatial development of villages.